{"id":57732,"date":"2026-02-23T15:09:13","date_gmt":"2026-02-23T15:09:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cardiffstudentmedia.co.uk\/gairrhydd\/?p=57732"},"modified":"2026-02-23T15:16:16","modified_gmt":"2026-02-23T15:16:16","slug":"daisy-dixon-on-grok-as-a-vehicle-for-sexist-abuse","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cardiffstudentmedia.co.uk\/gairrhydd\/feature\/daisy-dixon-on-grok-as-a-vehicle-for-sexist-abuse\/","title":{"rendered":"Daisy Dixon: On Grok as a Vehicle for Sexist Abuse"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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<\/p>\n

Hi, Daisy, would you like to tell us a little bit about yourself? How you got into philosophy and a little bit about your background.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

I don\u2019t know how far back you want me to go, but I started more in like a fine art background. I did my undergrad in fine art with a minor in philosophy. I was most of the time in the studio making artworks and then doing a little bit of philosophy. Then I just thought about doing post-grad, and I didn\u2019t really know what that meant. I didn\u2019t have any sense of what academia looked like as a career.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

But I knew I wanted to keep doing more of what I\u2019ve been doing, and then ended up doing a master\u2019s in philosophy and I went to Cambridge for that. It\u2019s kind of been, what I describe it as like falling up the stairs and I never had any intention to be an academic as I said, I didn\u2019t really know what that even was. But the Master\u2019s was under a year, so I just found myself applying for a PhD.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

I managed to get funding for that, which is so difficult anyway, but especially now, so I feel like I was lucky in that respect. Then I just stayed on doing philosophy. I stayed in Cambridge again for a post-doc. By this point I was kind of doing philosophy of language, but I was moving into aesthetics and kind of made sense because of my art background, so it was nice to bring the two together.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

And then by some miracle, after being on a horrible job market for a while\u2014I don\u2019t know, possibly up to a hundred rejections\u2014Cardiff gave me this job and I started here in 2022. So, yeah, I\u2019m very happy to be here as long as they want to keep me.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

I have heard that you have written a book.<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Yes, I\u2019ve got the proof. Right there. The red book there is a sort of pretend proof, it\u2019s like a pretend book for now. I\u2019ve just written this book called Depraved, the Story of Dangerous Art, and it\u2019s kind of a culmination of fifteen years\u2019 worth of my career, I guess.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

It\u2019s an art history, but it\u2019s written by a philosopher. It starts in pre-history artworks, looking at how artworks can be immoral and how they can be dangerous to society and things like that. I don\u2019t think I can talk a huge amount about it. It\u2019s coming out in June and I\u2019ll have to have you back in and talk about the book then.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Could you talk about your previous experiences with social media and if you have encountered large volumes of hate prior to more recently?<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Yeah, I got what was then known as Twitter during my art degree. Our art professors told us we should get it as a way to get our art out there, but I didn\u2019t actually start using it until the pandemic. So, around 2021 is when I started tweeting.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

And even in the early days, this was obviously before\u2014I can\u2019t remember what year Elon Musk bought it\u2014but it was before Elon Musk came along and even then there was some bizarre kind of sexism that I had, you know, this was my first foray into how misogyny exists in online spaces. And initially, the first kind of barrage of hate I remember was when I commented on my dating experiences and I was surprised as this was offline, but using dating apps, how a lot of men thought my PhD was fake and they didn\u2019t think it was real or they\u2019d get very defensive.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

They\u2019d make assumptions about my class and background and stuff like that because I had a PhD. So, I just made a comment about that on X and I just got the most insane wave of hate from men telling me I should be the classic stereotype, like I should be in the kitchen, women can\u2019t be philosophers. I think that was around 2021. And yeah, and then before this whole recent Grok stuff, I\u2019d had different swathes of misogynistic abuse.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

It seems to be that philosophy, specifically, is something that a lot of people still think is something that
old, old white men with beards do. I think the way I dealt with it is that, if anything, in this cynical way, it
built my following.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

It was the way I responded, I would often troll back. I would engage and sometimes it would be just jokey trolling back, which would just make them more angry. And that was sort of energising and I enjoyed seeing them humiliate themselves and things like that.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

But quickly, things turned more sinister, like it was about a year ago\u2014over a year ago. I\u2019d just post a meme related to the fact that philosophers can look like me now. That\u2019s when I started getting rape threats and death threats and that was that. Then I started to think, okay, I can\u2019t laugh this off any more, like, this is getting extreme. But I carried on tweeting, this was after Elon Musk as well.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Mainly because X was still a good network for me. You know, if you don\u2019t come from academic or literary worlds, it did open up. The only reason I\u2019m publishing that book is because I met popular historians on there, which I would never have met inside the university spaces.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

I\u2019ve made some lovely friends as well on X, so that\u2019s why I\u2019ve stayed up until recently. Well, that\u2019s why I\u2019m still on there at the moment.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

For anyone who\u2019s unsure on the chronology of what\u2019s been going on\u2014as much as you\u2019re willing to share or talk about\u2014could you give us a bit of a synopsis of what you\u2019ve been experiencing recently with Grok?<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

It may have started at the very end of December 2025. I started noticing it in very early January. I was aware that Grok was something on X and I was aware that people could use it to generate images and videos.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

But it was only in early January that I started noticing lots of men were in my replies to other posts, other random things I was saying\u2014I tend to tweet like several times a day. And completely unrelated users were asking Grok to put me in a bikini, but Grok was taking my profile picture, so it wasn\u2019t even a picture I posted.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Sometimes I have a lot of replies and I\u2019m not always able to engage all the time with all of them. These were just ones I started noticing. I then posted a gym progress picture where I\u2019m fully clothed and I\u2019m showing off my biceps because it was in response to another tweet about women showing off biceps, so I did.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

And that\u2019s when I really saw an escalation of Grok putting her in a bikini, lingerie, and then they got more and more specific. It actually started off with just having Grok put me in clown makeup and changing the colour of my hair, which still felt weird.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

One person was asking to decrease my biceps, but then others were increasing other parts of me in this very sexualised way. But this is the thing. There are so many, because it happens in replies to replies to replies. They were sort of a Russian doll situation where there were so many and\u2014I haven\u2019t actually gone through them.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

I did see one recently where a user asked to make me pregnant with their child, put a wedding ring on my finger, delete my body count\u2014you know, so much you can say about that\u2014and revoke my licence as well. So, the prompts were getting\u2014even just the bikini ones were bad enough\u2014but they got very elaborate and I know some women went through even worse, like extremely violent ones as well.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Are the people who send them usually followers or are they just random strangers?<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Seems to be a combination. A lot of men are doing it. There was one that said some violent language. It\u2019s not nice. One said \u201cGrok put her in a rape factory\u201d. He, I believe, follows me. A lot of the others were following me.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

So, it\u2019s this weird sadomasochistic situation going on. But a lot of them were just random people. I think it\u2019s because I\u2019ve got a relatively big following\u2014not huge, but enough to get other people who don\u2019t follow me to see my tweets. Some of them might have been bots as well, but a lot of them seem to be real people.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

How has this changed your relationship with AI? Obviously, it has been a thing, but imaging AI specifically becoming so accessible has changed people\u2019s interaction with it. Has it changed your opinion in any way?<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

I think I\u2019ve been aware for several years about the tireless campaigning that many people, especially women, have been doing for image-based abuse more generally. If I\u2019m totally honest, for all the colleagues I have here and at Exeter and other places who work on AI, I have tried to avoid it.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

In my day-to-day life, I don\u2019t use it. I might use it if it just comes up on Google and gives you something. But I\u2019ve never used it to write anything or talk to a chatbot or anything like that. I\u2019ve tried to avoid it. Even in my research. AI art and stuff like that\u2014I just wasn\u2019t interested. Not that it wasn\u2019t important. I just feel like the universe dropped me into this.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

I had to learn about AI very quickly. And I do think the difference with Grok is that whilst women and children have been subjected to this kind of abusive AI generation on other platforms, I think Grok was slightly different because of its highly accessible nature and the fact that it\u2019s public.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

The strange aspect of this was that\u2014not that it\u2019s okay to generate these images for private use, because that is also illegal now\u2014but there was an added power move that you\u2019d see the prompt and then the image would appear within minutes underneath it. So, you\u2019ll see that\u2019s what I\u2019ve described as the kind of effects it has on the victims.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

It alienates you from your own body, because whilst you know it\u2019s not you, you\u2019re not just seeing the prompt and then thinking \u201cOh well, an image has been generated of me. That\u2019s not nice\u201d, but you\u2019re then also seeing the image.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

And that has this horrid effect where you experience this kind of destabilised sense of self because the in-puts for these images are your photographs. They have this transparency. The photographs have a privileged, direct visual contact with the thing in the photograph.<\/p>\n

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Do you feel like you have to change how you post on things you might normally interact with a lot?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yeah, sadly. I started getting a lot of harassment from real people, so not just bots, not random people. But there was a user on X with a huge following\u2014and he\u2019s known for being misogynistic, although he says he\u2019s not a misogynist\u2014who got really obsessed and started taking images from my Instagram and there was one or two where I had willingly posted a photo of myself in a bikini on holiday and he started harassing me.<\/p>\n

He kept sending that image back to me about five times a day for over a week, saying that I was a massive hypocrite because he\u2019d seen me on TV talking about this. And he called me a hypocrite and that my existence in public, if I show skin, as well as posting images of me in a bikini, amounts to a sexual assault on men.<\/p>\n

This goes back to the original question about how I used to engage with stuff like that. When they say women can\u2019t be philosophers, I feel like I can respond playfully back to that because it\u2019s just an easier thing to get your head around. And it\u2019s also something we grew up with.<\/p>\n

I never grew up thinking a woman could be a philosopher. But now, this discourse has got so absurd that philosophically, it\u2019s almost like philosophers are the worst people to engage with because we assume other people are thinking logically. We\u2019re presented with completely illogical, fallacious statements and you can\u2019t respond\u2014it\u2019s a completely bad-faith debate and you can\u2019t respond.<\/p>\n

So, not only didn\u2019t I feel like I could engage with him on any level, but because he\u2019s got such a big following, loads of other people started mining my online presence for other photographs that I\u2019d posted. So, my initial response was sadly one of self-policing. I deleted a photo on my Instagram from a really cute solo Greece holiday of me in a bikini.<\/p>\n

I deleted it and I was thinking that\u2019s really sad because I started to get frightened. But the government eventually moved quite quickly, and all the other amazing campaigners and I felt like we weren\u2019t alone.<\/p>\n

I\u2019m definitely not going to stop posting myself online, but I think a lot of victims did feel like that, and understandably.<\/p>\n

How do you feel about the way that the government and police have responded to this issue?<\/strong><\/p>\n

That\u2019s the controversy around all of this. A lot of campaigners\u2014like I\u2019m aware of one such project by Glamour\u2014have been working on image-based abuse against women for years\u2014because it does disproportionately affect women and girls. I forget the stages in legislation, but a bill was passed back in July about creation of these images being unlawful, but it wasn\u2019t actually enforced as legislation.<\/p>\n

A lot of campaigners\u2014quite rightly\u2014said that the victory felt bittersweet because the government had been dragging its heels. One response I had to that was that it was already illegal to share these images. And yet that\u2019s what was happening. A lot of people asked why we\u2019re focusing on Grok, because this has been happening for years.<\/p>\n

It might be because of the public sharing aspects. And because while it was already illegal, there was a lot of vagueness around how that legislation would be enforced. I was really pleased to see the UK government get Ofcom involved and give them the right to use their full powers.<\/p>\n

I think the threat to ban X was an extreme thing to do, but I think it was right that it was an option on the table. It would have been problematic if they had done that, but money talks. Fines first would make more sense, as 18 million\u2014or whatever it was\u2014is an amount that even someone like Elon Musk would feel.<\/p>\n

I was generally pleased with how quickly they moved, but in the grand scheme of things, this is part of Labour\u2019s ongoing crackdown\u2014or at least strategy\u2014against violence against women and girls. I think they were looking at other chatbots as well. The media storm was around Grok, but I don\u2019t think that was entirely Grok that was being focused on.<\/p>\n

Do you think this experience has changed how you think about aesthetics injustice in language
and do you think AI is something we should be considering more in these fields?<\/strong><\/p>\n

As I said, I\u2019ve avoided AI in my research, and now I feel like there has been a weird silver lining in the fact I learnt about image-based abuse by being a victim of it rather than doing the philosophy first and then looking. Aesthetic domination is a concept I\u2019ve been using to describe what this has felt like.<\/p>\n

It stems from the fact that many men for thousands of years have felt a natural entitlement to women and girls\u2019 bodies, as well as that women and girls are inherently sexualised or maternalised\u2014think the Madonna-whore complex.<\/p>\n

All those patriarchal concepts are seen in artworks, especially in Greek sculptures of women, where women\u2019s bodies were available for male viewers but they had to be shown as if they were ashamed of their nudity. We see sexual objectification from classical sculpture all the way to Renaissance nudes, where women are always shown as white, young, soft-skinned, and in passive and docile situations.<\/p>\n

This led to an aesthetic discourse where seeing women represented in that objectified, docile way entrenches women\u2019s inferior status in society. So, this AI image view is the logical endpoint of this aesthetic domination where women\u2019s bodies are not ours. Many male users feel this natural entitlement to women and girls\u2019 bodies; they know that we\u2019re not consenting, but they\u2019re enjoying the fact that they\u2019re violating it.<\/p>\n

I do think that is the case, but I also think there are a lot of men who do not understand consent. A woman refusing them is an act of agency and autonomy. But if they don\u2019t think that women generally have that, then it doesn\u2019t make sense to them. This comes into philosophy of language as well.<\/p>\n

Feminist speech act theory has been doing this since the \u201990s with Ray Langton\u2019s work on women\u2019s refusal of sexual contact. It\u2019s not that no gets taken as a yes. It can also sometimes be the case that the refusal doesn\u2019t even make sense\u2014it\u2019s not even registered as a no.<\/p>\n

With Grok and everything, we\u2019ve reached this dystopian, futurist point of more than just historic aesthetic domination, where it\u2019s not just our physical bodies being represented without agency, but our digital selves too.<\/p>\n

Our very digital existence is under attack. There\u2019s so much more to say about it. I need to think about it.<\/p>\n

Thank you very much.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Interview by, Olivia Nilson,\u00a0<\/b>Bethan Jones, Arielle Melamed,\u00a0<\/b>Ruaidhr\u00ed Gillen Lynch.<\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hi, Daisy, would you like to tell us a little bit about yourself? How you got into philosophy and a little bit about your background. I don\u2019t know how far back you want me to go, but I started more in like a fine art background. I did my undergrad in fine art with a minor in philosophy. I was most of the time in … Continue reading Daisy Dixon: On Grok as a Vehicle for Sexist Abuse<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":691,"featured_media":57735,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","footnotes":"","_wpscppro_dont_share_socialmedia":false,"_wpscppro_custom_social_share_image":0,"_facebook_share_type":"","_twitter_share_type":"","_linkedin_share_type":"","_pinterest_share_type":"","_linkedin_share_type_page":"","_instagram_share_type":"","_medium_share_type":"","_threads_share_type":"","_google_business_share_type":"","_selected_social_profile":[],"_wpsp_enable_custom_social_template":false,"_wpsp_social_scheduling":{"enabled":false,"datetime":null,"platforms":[],"status":"template_only","dateOption":"today","timeOption":"now","customDays":"","customHours":"","customDate":"","customTime":"","schedulingType":"absolute"},"_wpsp_active_default_template":true},"categories":[8866],"tags":[9041,9043,288,9042,1339],"class_list":["post-57732","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-feature","tag-abuse","tag-ai","tag-cardiff-university","tag-grok","tag-professor"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDaisy 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